Enhancing EFL Learners’ Comprehension and Academic Achievement through Metaphor-Based Instruction: A Quantitative Study

Prepared by
Dr.Nazik Noaman Ahmed Alnour
Assistant Professor
Omdurman Islamic University
Faculty of Arts
Department of English Language and Literature
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4655-5947
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DOI:   https://doi.org/10.53348/NEA1SE32

Abstract

The purpose of this quantitative quasi-experimental study was to explore how metaphor instruction might impact EFL learners’ comprehension as well as their academic achievement. The research questions were based on the Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Cognitive Load Theory. Metaphor instruction may increase EFL learners’ comprehension allowing them to efficiently process academic language while potentially impacting their academic achievement. Fifty-one undergraduate EFL learners completed a pre-test/post-test comprehension test to provide quantitative data about metaphor comprehension and academic achievement. Results were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings indicated that learners’ scores significantly improved after instruction. On average, scores went from M = 11.28 (SD = 2.34) to M = 17.46 (SD = 2.01). Paired-samples t-test showed that there was a significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores, t(50) = 13.72, p < .001, d = 1.92. Additionally, there was a moderate positive correlation between metaphor comprehension and academic achievement (r = .68, p < .001). This study offers evidence that metaphor instruction has a positive impact on learners’ comprehension as well as academic achievement. This study has important implications as it suggests that metaphors support meaning making, allowing students to actively participate in academic discourse. This research offers a pedagogically relevant study that used cognitive linguistics theory as a frame of reference                                 .
Keywords: metaphor-based instruction, EFL learners, comprehension, academic achievement, conceptual metaphor theory

 Post-2016 Transformation of Saudi Arabia’s Business Law: Vision-Driven Codification and Economic Diversification

Prepared by                                                                        .
Meshal Sulaiman M Alkhodairy
Meshal S. Alkhodairy Law Firm – Independent Researcher
Floor No.1, Office No. 106,Aljumaiah Center
King Fahad Street, Riyadh, 12361

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.53348/NEA2SE32

Abstract
Saudi Arabia’s post-2016 legal reforms, framed within Vision 2030, represent a comprehensive restructuring of the Kingdom’s legal-economic infrastructure, emphasizing a hybrid codification approach that balances legislative consolidation with sector-specific regulatory agility. This approach integrates doctrinal clarity with empirical performance indicators to enhance legal certainty, investor confidence, and market adaptability across diverse sectors including financial services, corporate governance, insolvency, and dispute resolution. The reforms address pre-existing fragmentation by embedding hierarchy clauses, procedural safeguards such as randomized case allocation, and adaptive review mechanisms triggered by measurable benchmarks. Institutional coordination among judiciary, regulatory authorities, and legislative bodies is strengthened to ensure consistent application and feedback-driven refinement. Equality norms are systematically incorporated into economic statutes to promote inclusive market participation. Comparative analysis highlights alignment with international frameworks like UNCITRAL and UNIDROIT, while also identifying unique adaptations reflecting domestic policy priorities. The model’s tiered legislative architecture, empirical trigger mechanisms, and integrated enforcement strategies offer a replicable template for jurisdictions seeking to harmonize legal certainty with operational flexibility in pursuit of economic diversification and sustainable growth.                            .
Keywords: Business Law, Economic Diversification.

Study and evaluation of the economic feasibility of establishing a ceramic sanitary ware production plant in Anbar Governorate. 

Prepared by

Prof. Dr. Khamees Khalif Mousa Al Fahdawi
College of Administrative and Financial Sciences
Almaarif University
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Dr. Ryadh Jawad Kadhem
College of Administrative and Financial Sciences
Almaarif University 
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DOI:  https://doi.org/10.53348/NEA3SE32

Abstract
This study aims to measure and analyze various economic feasibility indicators to determine the commercial, economic, and social profitability resulting from the establishment and operation of a ceramic sanitary ware manufacturing plant in Anbar Governorate during the period 2027-2036.
The results of measuring commercial profitability indicators (financial profit, dinar rate of return, unit production costs, quarterly gross margin, capital turnover rate, return on invested capital, simple rate of return, payback period, and break-even point) showed positive results.
Economic profitability indicators (net present value, internal rate of return, and present value of returns/costs) were also analyzed.
Furthermore, social profitability indicators (employment rate and foreign exchange utilization) were examined. The study concluded that the significant commercial profitability and economic and social benefits resulting from the establishment and operation of the aforementioned plant encourage and promote its implementation.
Keywords: Sanitary ware and ceramic project evaluation ,Anbar Governorate

Rhythmic Structure in Andalusian Prison Poetry: Selected Models 

Prepared by
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohammad Ahmad Alruqibat
Department/ Arabic Literature and Criticism
Jerash University/ Jordan
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DOI:  https://doi.org/10.53348/NEA4SE32

Abstract:
This study aims to examine the rhythmic structure in Andalusian prison poetry by identifying its external and internal rhythmic elements. The study relies on a collection of poetic works by Andalusian poets who were imprisoned for various reasons. The study uses a descriptive-analytical approach by analyzing the poetic examples on two rhythmic levels: the external level—meter and rhyme—and the internal level—the repetition of the last sound of each line, and the repetition of words horizontally and vertically.
The study reaches the following notable conculsions: first, the prison's poetry did not deviate from the general framework in the use of poetic meters, and the same applies to the use of rhyming letters and rhyme in both its absolute and restricted forms, second, the use of vertical repetition, especially in the description of nature and beautiful places, reflected a clear contrast between the beauty of memory and the ugliness of the present. third, The impact of rhythm on shaping and reinforcing meaning.
Keywords: rhythmic structure, prison poetry, Al-Andalus, meter and rhyme, internal rhythm.

Developing Professional Standards for Art Education Teachers in Light of Contemporary Global Trends

Prepared by

Prof. Dr. Layla Shwel Hussein
Al-Karkh University of Science
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DOI:  https://doi.org/10.53348/NEA5SE32

Abstract

This study aimed to develop a proposed framework of professional standards for art education teachers at the intermediate and secondary school levels in light of contemporary educational trends. It also examined whether statistically significant differences existed in participants’ responses according to gender, educational stage, and job position. The study adopted a descriptive survey approach and employed a questionnaire consisting of six professional standards and 55 indicators. The instrument was validated for reliability and validity using SPSS. The questionnaire was administered to a random sample of 30 art education teachers. Data were analyzed using means, standard deviations, the independent-samples t-test, and one-way ANOVA. The findings indicated that all proposed professional standards and their indicators were accepted. No statistically significant differences were found with respect to gender or educational stage, whereas significant differences were observed according to job position. The study concluded that these professional standards play a vital role in enhancing the professional performance of art education teachers in line with contemporary educational trends.
Keywords: Professional standards, Art education, Art education teachers, Professional performance, Contemporary educational trends, Intermediate education, Secondary education.

Advancing Inclusive University Libraries: Academic Librarians’ Perspectives on Serving Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Students

 Prepared by

Khulud Ali Alzahrania
Special Education Department
King Abdulaziz University
Jeddah, SAUDI ARABIA
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Najwa Abood Basonbul
0000-0001-7860-8874
Special Education Department
Faculty of Education
King Abdulaziz University
P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589
 Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
.  This study examined academic librarians’ attitudes toward serving Deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) students in Saudi universities, guided by Universal Design for Learning (UDL) principles and the Socio-Ecological Model (SEM). A quantitative survey of 63 librarians assessed perceptions, challenges, and service needs. Findings indicated generally positive attitudes and strong professional commitment, with no significant differences across gender, educational qualification, experience, or prior training. However, gaps were observed in systematic evaluation and applied training, highlighting that positive attitudes alone do not guarantee effective service delivery. Interpreted through UDL and SEM, results emphasize the need for integrated skill development, structured professional training, and supportive institutional policies. Implementing these strategies can enhance library accessibility, foster inclusive practices, and improve academic experiences for DHH students in Saudi universities.
Keywords: Deaf and hard-of-hearing, academic librarians, Universal Design for Learning, Socio-Ecological Model, inclusive services.

The Role of Smart Leadership in Enhancing Institutional Performance: A Field Study of Private Technical Education and Vocational Training Colleges in the Capital Sana’ and Amran Governorate

 Prepared by

Sharaf Ali Mohammed Al-Makhadhi
Al-Makhadhi -Center of Business
Administration (CBA), Sana'a
University, Sana'a, Yemen 

Mojahed Yahya Saleh Al-Mashriqy
Al-Mashriqy -Faculty of
Commerce & Economics Amran University, Yemen

Abdul hafeedh Yahya Mohamed Alkhazan
Alkhazan- Center of Business
Administration (CBA), Sana'a
University, Sana'a,Yemen
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Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the role of smart leadership in promoting institutional performance among academic leaders, administrative staff, and faculty members in the private technical education and vocational training colleges in Sana’a Capital and Amran Governorate. Methodology: The descriptive-analytical method was used, and a questionnaire was administered to a sample of 400 participants. Data were processed and analyzed using SPSS-27 and AMOS-26. Results: The results of the data analysis revealed that there was a statistically significant positive relationship between smart leadership and institutional performance (β = 0.888, T = 20.584, P < 0.001), while the rational, spiritual, and emotional intelligence dimensions have contributed to the formation of smart leadership, which in turn affected the institutional performance dimensions, including efficiency, effectiveness, quality, and productivity. The results also showed there were no statistically significant differences in the mean scores of smart leadership and institutional performance due to gender at the α ≤ 0.05 level. However, significant differences were found at the α ≤ 0.05 level in the overall score of both smart leadership and institutional performance, specifically in the quality and productivity dimensions according to years of experience, favoring participants with greater experience (>10 years). In light of the results, the study recommended promoting smart leadership development programs, integrating them into administrative policies, and developing related evaluation systems to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of educational institutions and elevate the institutional performance of academic and administrative leaders.
Keywords: Smart Leadership, Institutional Performance, Private Technical Education and Vocational Training Colleges.

Opportunities of AI in EFL Education: Personalization, Equity, and Pedagogical Synergy

 Prepared by

Nawal Abderrahman Mohammed Daffaallah
Department of English Language & Literature,
College of Languages & Humanities,
Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
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https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6601-383X

Salwa Mohammed Saeed Omer Abdallah
Department of English Language & Literature
 College of Arts, Sinnar
University, Sudan
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Abstract
This study examines the transformative potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) education, with a specific focus on personalization, equity, and pedagogical synergy. Through mixed-methods analysis of survey data from 150 educators and institutional case studies, the research demonstrates that blended learning models combining AI efficiency with human instruction drive the most significant proficiency gains (23%). However, critical implementation gaps persist: while offline solutions achieve 3.8× greater accessibility in underserved regions, adoption remains low (42%) due to infrastructure limitations, and only 57% of tools accommodate local dialects despite 91.3% educator demand for cultural adaptation. The findings reveal fundamental tensions between AI's technical capabilities and equitable implementation, evidenced by predictive analytics' ethical concerns (78.7% agreement barrier) and cultural feature viability challenges (2.7/5 feasibility). To address these, we propose a four-pillar framework: 1) Policy interventions including a Global South AI Fund and dialect recognition standards; 2) Teacher empowerment through AI pedagogy certification and co-design residencies; 3) Technical innovations like low-bandwidth "Lite AI" and quarterly bias audits; and 4) Community action via regional AI hubs and student data cooperatives. This research creates that AI serves education most effectively when centered on human relationships rather than technological sophistication. Maintainable transformation requires prioritizing educator expertise, cultural dignity, and equitable access—ensuring AI amplifies rather than replaces pedagogical wisdom in global EFL contexts. Success is measured not by algorithmic advancement but by enhanced human capacity and inclusion across diverse learning ecosystems.
Keywords: AI in EFL; Blended learning; Cultural adaptation; Educational equity; Personalized learning; Teacher empowerment.

Mechanisms for Dealing with the Rapid Support Forces and Mercenaries after the War: A comparative Legal Study

Prepared by

Dr. Ahmed Al-Nour Al-Ghali Hamed

Abstract
This study addressed the mechanisms for dealing with the Rapid Support Forces and mercenaries after the war in Sudan. These mechanisms are represented by a group of mechanisms, with transitional justice at the forefront. The study aimed to highlight these mechanisms for effectively dealing with the Rapid Support Forces and mercenaries, identify the challenges facing the process of integrating the Rapid Support Forces, and prosecute mercenaries. A statement of the experiences of countries that have implemented transitional justice mechanisms to benefit from them and apply them in Sudan. The problem of this study revolves around the urgent need to study the mechanisms for dealing with the Rapid Support Forces and mercenaries after the war, the effectiveness of transitional justice mechanisms in holding accountable human rights violations during the war, and what are the guarantees of non-recurrence of the conflict. The study adopted a descriptive, analytical, and comparative approach, describing and analyzing the phenomenon of dealing with the Rapid Support Forces and mercenaries after the war in Sudan, and comparing the experiences of other countries that dealt with similar forces after wars, to arrive at the best practices and effective mechanisms for dealing with the Rapid Support Forces and mercenaries.  The study reached the following results, the most important of which are: identifying effective mechanisms for dealing with the Rapid Support Forces and mercenaries after the war in Sudan, The study reached several recommendations: the most important of which is that the Attorney General seek to establish a Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate the facts about the violations that occurred during the war. We recommend that the head of the judiciary establish special courts to try those responsible for gross violations of human rights and international humanitarian law. We propose that the Sudanese legislature define a mercenary and criminalize the use of militias by including it in the constitution and the 1991 Penal Code, to ensure the protection of human rights and strengthen the rule of law in Sudan 
Keywords:. Rapid Support Forces , Mercenaries , Comparative legal study

Redefining Sudanese Identity (from A crisis of Classification to Building a Unifying Identity

 Prepared by

Dr. Muhammad Haidar Al-Habr Al-Tayeb
University of the Holy Quran and the Foundation of Sciences

Abstract
This study examines the roots of Sudanese identity and the historical, cultural, and political factors that have contributed to its formation, adopting a descriptive analytical approach based on historical and documentary sources. The findings indicate that Sudanese identity is a cumulative product of a long process of civilizational interaction involving Nubian, Kushite, and Christian civilizations, alongside Arab, Islamic, and African influences. Colonialism played a significant role in deepening identity divisions, while the post-independence period reinforced regional and ethnic disparities. The study also highlights the central role of culture, arts, education, media, and civil society in shaping an inclusive national identity discourse. It concludes that building a unified Sudanese identity requires recognizing and managing diversity within a comprehensive national project grounded in dialogue, reconciliation, and the development of educational and media policies to strengthen national belonging and reduce divisions.
Keyword: Sudanese identity , Classification crisis , Building a university identity

The Effectiveness of Using the Reciprocal Teaching Strategy in Teaching English Literature: Pedagogical Analysis of “Treasure Island” Novel

Prepared by

Nazik Noaman Ahmed Alnour
.Languages and Translation Dep
Haql University College
University of Tabuk,Saudi Arabia
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4655-5947
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Romila Karrar Farh Karrar
Dep of English Language
Faculty of Education 
Blue Nile University, Ad-Damazin, Sudan
https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0999-6306
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Wijdan Mohieldeen Mohammed
Dept of English Language & Literature
College of Languages & Humanities
Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7300-9039
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Abbas Hussein Abdelrady
Dep of English Language & Literature
College of Languages & Humanities
Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7920-887X
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Abstract
Teaching literature presents difficulties in EFL settings because students lack sufficient language proficiency and have little experience with challenging authentic full-length literary texts. Teaching methods also continue to be largely teacher-directed. Based on an integrated metacognitive, self‑regulated learning, and cognitive load theory framework, this study explored whether the Reciprocal Teaching Strategy (RTS) could improve secondary students’ reading comprehension of Treasure Island and investigated English teachers’ views on its implementation. We used a convergent mixed‑methods design with a quasi‑experimental study and qualitative responses to teachers’ open‑ended questions. Sixty students were placed into either an experimental or control group. Students were tested on literary text comprehension before and after reading Treasure Island. During the intervention, students in the experimental group were taught with RTS and students in the control group received traditional instruction. Teachers (N = 32) gave qualitative responses about their opinions of benefits and challenges of RTS. Statistical analyses showed that students’ scores on the experimental group’s post‑test were significantly higher than students’ scores on the control group’s post‑test, t(58) = −4.43, p < .001, d = −1.37. There was a large effect size, which means that RTS led to better comprehension of Treasure Island. Theme analysis revealed that RTS allowed for metacognitive awareness of reading, self‑regulated learning skills, better comprehension, and engagement. Although some teachers had concerns about time, class size, and mixed proficiency levels, most believed that reciprocal teaching was beneficial to students. Our results indicate that reciprocal teaching is an effective metacognitive strategy to use when teaching full-length literary texts in EFL contexts and that training and proper conditions are required for teachers to properly execute it
 Keywords: reciprocal teaching, EFL literature instruction, collaborative learning, student engagement, literary comprehension, strategy-based reading.

External Debt and its Impact on the Future of Developing Countries' Economies (Egypt's Debt as a model)

Prepared by
Dr. Ahmed Abbas Abdullah Jassim
College of Administration and Economics University of Fallujah
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Dr. Maha Khalid Shihab
College of Administration and Economics  University of Fallujah
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Abstract
External debt constitutes a burden on the economies of developing countries, as servicing this debt drains the financial resources of these countries and exposes their public budgets to chronic deficits. Our research aims to demonstrate the extent of the impact of this debt on the economies of developing countries, especially with regard to Egypt's external debt, which is based on the hypothesis that external debt has a negative impact on the economies of developing countries such as the Egyptian economy. The research adopted the descriptive-analytical method as one of the methods used in writing scientific research. The research reached a number of conclusions, perhaps the most prominent of which is that the research hypothesis was proven that external debt has a negative impact on the economies of developing countries, and it presented a number of recommendations, perhaps the most important of which is the need to diversify the revenues that enter the general budget annually and not to rely on a single source
 Keywords: External debt, developing economies, Egypt's debt

Prepared by

Rehab Abdelrahman Osman Abdalla
Assistant Professor, Dep, of Economics
College of Business and Economics
Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
Health performance indicators are essential tools for monitoring population health, evaluating system performance, and guiding policy decisions. In Saudi Arabia, these indicators have gained increasing importance as the country undergoes major reforms under Vision 2030 and the Health Sector Transformation Program (HSTP). This study provides a comprehensive quantitative assessment of national health indicators from 2010 to 2024, focusing on changes before and after the implementation of the HSTP in 2016. Using secondary data from the Ministry of Health, WHO, and the World Bank, the analysis employs descriptive statistics, trend analysis, pre–post comparisons, and Interrupted Time Series (ITS) modeling. The results show substantial improvements in life expectancy, infant and maternal mortality, service coverage, digital health adoption, and quality indicators, despite temporary disruptions during the COVID‑19 pandemic. However, chronic disease prevalence—particularly diabetes—continues to rise. Overall, the findings demonstrate meaningful progress in modernizing the Saudi health system and advancing digital transformation, while highlighting the need for sustained investment in prevention, primary care, and workforce development
KeywordsHealth indicators; Vision 2030; Health Sector Transformation Program; Digital health; Interrupted Time Series; Health system performance
JEL Classification Codes
I10; I18; O33; C22; H51

 Prepared by
Bakri Omer Rahma Hag Elhussien
Associate Professor of Islamic History
Department of History and Heritage
College of Languages and Humanities
Qassim University
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
The study investigates how pre-Islamic cultural elements from Pakistan became integrated into Islamic practices through an analysis of secondary academic sources. The study examines how Islamic teachings combined with local customs to create religious practices, social traditions, artistic traditions, and regional distinctiveness. The research demonstrates that Pakistani Islam evolved through a process of cultural development which existing traditions merged with Islamic practices through subsequent periods of development. The main religious elements of the study consist of Sufi shrine worship, marriage rituals that combine Islamic rules with Hindu-based customs, and devotional music that fuses Islamic poetry with classical Indian musical traditions. The study demonstrates how present-day challenges emerge from orthodox reformist groups who reject syncretic practices, which they show through their attacks on Sufi shrines since 2005. The ongoing appeal of syncretic traditions among Pakistani people demonstrates their strong connection to Islam as it exists in their culture, which exists despite the ideological battles between traditionalist and reformist movements
Keywords: Cultural syncretism, Pakistani Islam, pre-Islamic traditions, religious accretion, Sufism 

 The Extent to which Palestinian Prisoners' Affairs Authority Employs Digital Media to Highlight the Suffering of Prisoners' Families from the Public's Perspective

 Prepared by
Rawan Abdel Haleem
MA Program of Contemporary
Public Relations
An-Najah National University – Nablus / Palestine
Mobile: 00970592950773
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Dr. Farid Abudheir
Associate Prof. at the Department of Communication & Digital Media
An-Najah National University– Nablus / Palestine
Mobile: 00970599266612
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Abstract:
This study aimed to examine the extent to which the Palestinian Commission of Prisoners’ Affairs employs digital media to highlight the suffering of prisoners’ families from the perspective of the Palestinian public. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach and utilized a questionnaire as the primary data collection tool. The study population consisted of Palestinian audiences who follow the digital platforms of the Palestinian Commission of Prisoners’ Affairs. Due to the large size of the population and the difficulty of accessing it, a convenience sample of 208 respondents was selected, from which 196 valid questionnaires were collected for analysis, representing 94.2% of the study sample. The study reached several key findings, most notably that the level of the Commission’s use of digital media to highlight the suffering of prisoners’ families was high from the audience’s perspective, with an overall mean score of 3.62 and a percentage of 72.4%. The results also indicate that the mean scores of respondents’ answers on the dimension of ease of access to digital content and interaction with it (effort expectancy) were high, with an overall mean of 3.62 and a percentage of 72.4%. Furthermore, the levels of audience follow-up of the Commission’s digital media and their intentions to continue following it in the future did not differ according to demographic variables (gender, educational qualification, place of residence, age, and level of social media use).
Keywords: Prisoners’ Affairs Authority, digital media, prisoners’ families, Palestinian public.

Media Coverage of Climate change on International Visual Platforms A comparative Analytical study of the YouTube Channels of France 24 Arabic and BBC Arabic
Duration: June \30\ 2025 to January\ 1\ 2026

Prepared by

Prof. Dr. Yousra Khalid Ibrahim
Department Radio and Television Journalism
College of Media
Al-Iraqi Universit
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Sajjad Abdul Rahman Hamid
Department Radio and Television Journalism
College of Media
Al-Iraqi Universit
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Abstract:

This study aims to analyze the media treatment of climate change issues on international Arabic-language satellite channels on YouTube, by revealing the nature of the prevailing media frameworks and the patterns of their use in presenting these issues. The study stems from the importance of the role played by international satellite channels in shaping the awareness of the Arab public regarding global environmental issues, especially in light of the escalating repercussions of climate change at the environmental, economic, and political levels.The study adopted the descriptive analytical approach, using content analysis based on media framing theory, on a sample of media materials published on France 24 Arabic and BBC Arabic channels on YouTube during a specific time period                        .
The study concluded that media coverage of climate change issues was characterized by a diversity of media frameworks. Media coverage was distributed across eleven main frameworks in both channels. The "consequences" framework ranked first in both channels, followed by the "causes" framework in second place. This reflects a shared focus on highlighting the repercussions of climate change and linking it to its causes. Additionally, there was a relative convergence between the two channels in the ranking of some frameworks, such as the "attribution of responsibility" framework, while there were differences in others. The "humanitarian concern" framework and the "sustainable development" framework were more prominent on France 24, while the "solutions" and "economic consequences" framework had a clearer presence on the BBC. The remaining frameworks ranked lower on both channels.                               .    
Keywords: Media Framing, Digital Media, Visual Platforms, Environmental Media, Visual Content

 The Effectiveness of an AI-BasedE-Learning Environment in Developing in-Depth Understanding Skills in Cell Biology among Students of the College of Education at Iraqi Universities

Prepared by
Shaimaa Adnan Tayeh
University of Anbar       

Abstract:
Research Objective: The current research aimed to develop the skills of Deep Understanding in cell biology among female students at the College of Education, University of Anbar, according to the Environment of E-Learning based on Artificial Intelligence.
The participants in the study were (63) students, divided into two groups: the first experimental (32) students, the second control (31) students at the College of Education, University of Anbar.
The researcher used the analytical descriptive approach and the experimental approach with a semi-experimental design. The research tools consisted of testing the skills of Deep Understanding. Then the teaching treatment was applied, where the experimental group was taught using Environment of E-Learning based on Artificial Intelligence,while the control group was taught in the usual way, then the research tools were applied dimensional, and the search results resulted in a statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.01) between The mean scores of the students of the experimental and The mean scores of the students of control groups in the post-measurement of the skills of Deep Understanding test in favor of the students of the experimental group.The research recommended The research recommended using the Environment of E-Learning based on Artificial Intelligence,due to its engaging and exciting nature in the educational process, which motivates students towards learning.
Keywords: Environment of E-Learning based on Artificial Intelligence - Deep understanding Skills- Cell biology.

Incorporating Artificial Intelligence Theories in English for Academic Purposes (EAP) Curriculum Development
Pedagogical Innovation and Critical Engagement Theoretical Paradigm

Prepared by
Dr Nadiya Al-Issaei
University of Technology and
Applied Sciences-Suhar
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Dr Aboubaidah Gasim
University of Technology and
Applied Sciences-Suhar
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Abstract
This paper examines the theoretical underpinnings of curriculum development in English for Academic Purposes (EAP) and proposes a framework for integrating contemporary artificial intelligence (AI) theories into curriculum conceptualization, design, and implementation. Drawing on established curriculum ideologies—technical-behavioral, learner-centered, and critical-political perspectives—this research explores how AI technologies and theories can enhance EAP curriculum development while addressing longstanding challenges in higher education contexts. The paper argues that AI integration must be approached through a critical lens that considers the sociocultural, ethical, and pedagogical implications while leveraging AI's capabilities for adaptive learning, assessment, and content development. The proposed theoretical framework offers a foundation for curriculum developers, EAP practitioners, and educational administrators seeking to navigate the evolving landscape of AI-enhanced language education while maintaining core pedagogical principles and values
Keywords: curriculum development, English for Academic Purposes (EAP), artificial intelligence, educational technology, curriculum theory, 

Analysing Counter-Hegemonic Discourse in Nelson Mandela’s “I Am Prepared to Die” Speech 

Prepared by
frah Abdul Qader Jassim
Instructor /Department of English
College of Basic Education
University of Mosul
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ORCID: https://orcid.org

Abstract
This study critically investigates Nelson Mandela’s 1964 discourse, “I Am Prepared to Die,” via Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe’s Hegemony Theory, as drawn in Hegemony and Socialist Strategy (1985), by Wodak’s (2011) Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA). The study observes how Mandela’s speech constructs a counter-hegemonic speech that challenges apartheid ideology, reshapes democratic ideals, and restructures the political landscape of South Africa. Through deep analysis, the study categorises rhetorical strategies such as "dislocation", "empty signifiers", "chains of equivalence", and "myth creation". It shows how Mandela’s speech strategically describes him and the organization of the African National Congress (ANC) as legitimate representatives of social change. The analysis further searches how language in political discourse functions as a site of hegemonic struggle, with Mandela reshaping the vital political concepts such as "freedom, democracy, and patriotism" to encounter dominant narratives and encourage a shared political subjectivity
Keywords: counter-hegemony, discourse, dislocation,  political, dominant

The Role of Phonological Processing in Language Comprehension and Production: A Systematic Review 

Prepared by
Nawal Abderrahman Mohammed Daffaallah
Department of English Language and Literature
College of Languages and Humanities
Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
This systematic review synthesizes 25 years (1999–2024) of interdisciplinary research on phonological processing, advancing the field through three key innovations. First, it identifies universal cross-linguistic patterns in speech segmentation (e.g., syllable-based hierarchies, ηp2=0.38η_p^2 = 0.38ηp2​=0.38) while quantifying system-specific variations, resolving longstanding theoretical conflicts via a novel meta-analytic framework (k=324k=324k=324 studies, d=0.88d=0.88d=0.88). Second, the study proposes a hierarchical developmental model demonstrating how phonological processing evolves from basic auditory discrimination to morphophonemic mapping (β=0.76,p<0.001β=0.76, p<0.001β=0.76,p<0.001), thereby unifying prior contradictory accounts of progression trajectories. Third, it pioneers the integration of digital technologies into phonological research, revealing that AI-driven tools enhance phonological awareness with moderate-to-strong effects (g=0.62g=0.62g=0.62–1.121.121.12) and establishing new benchmarks for adaptive learning systems. By bridging psycholinguistic theory with computational applications, the findings offer transformative pathways for language education, neurocognitive interface design, and AI communication tools, while critically redefining research priorities for the digital age. The review identifies crucial areas for future research, including digital communication contexts, artificial intelligence integration, and cross-modal effects in multimodal communication. These findings have significant implications for educational practice, clinical applications, and theoretical advancement in psycholinguistics and cognitive science

Augmenting English Language Learning Through Vlogs: Teachers' Perspectives

Prepared by
Fatima A Muhammed Zein
Department of English Language and Literature
College of Languages and Humanities
Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
The rapid advancement of technology has significantly transformed both teaching practices and student learning experiences. While numerous digital tools have proven effective, achieving English language proficiency continues to pose a challenge for many university-level EFL learners. This persistent gap may be attributed to the continued use of outdated or ineffective instructional methods, underscoring the need for more engaging, pedagogically sound, and innovative approaches. This study investigates the integration of vlogs as instructional tools in the EFL classroom, drawing on perspectives from Saudi Faculty. Adopting a quantitative methodology, data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to Saudi EFL instructors. The findings suggest that vlogs, when incorporated thoughtfully into language curricula, can significantly enrich the learning experience and foster greater learner motivation and confidence in using English. They provide valuable insights for improving EFL pedagogy and guiding future research
Key words: Technology, Tools, Vlogs, English, Language, Learning

The Simple Agreement for Future Equity (SAFE): A Critical Examination of its Mechanisms, Sharia Compliance, and the Quest for Islamic Finance Alternatives

Prepared by
Dr. Mutaz Abdulaziz Alkhedhairy
Department of Humanities
College of Applied Studies
King Saud University
Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia

Abstract
. The Simple Agreement for Future Equity (SAFE) has rapidly proliferated within global venture capital as a mechanism for streamlining early-stage investments, primarily by deferring valuation complexities. Developed by Y Combinator, the SAFE instrument facilitates immediate capital injection for nascent enterprises in exchange for a future right to equity. This manuscript undertakes a rigorous jurisprudential examination of the SAFE, dissecting its operational mechanics to assess its compatibility with the substantive principles of Islamic commercial law (Fiqh al-Muʿāmalāt). The analysis is framed within the broader objectives of Sharia (Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah), evaluating SAFE against cardinal prohibitions of ribā (interest), excessive gharar (uncertainty), and core Islamic finance tenets promoting risk-sharing (mushārakah) and prohibiting capital guarantees (ḍamān raʾs al-māl) in equity partnerships 
Employing doctrinal analysis of standard SAFE documentation, comparative legal perspectives, and a review of contemporary Sharia scholarship, this research identifies profound conflicts between standard SAFE structures and Sharia norms. Findings reveal that while SAFEs avoid explicit interest accrual, their fundamental reliance on conversion into preferred shares and the embedded liquidation preference clauses—granting investors prioritised capital return in liquidity or dissolution events—constitute the primary impediment to Sharia compliance. This structure fundamentally contravenes the Islamic principle of proportional loss-sharing requisite in Mushārakah contracts
Consequently, potential modifications, including mandatory conversion into common stock, are evaluated alongside alternative Sharia-grounded structures, such as bifurcated Qarḍ Ḥasan and Waʿd arrangements or structured Mushārakah. The research concludes that achieving Sharia compliance necessitates a fundamental re-engineering of SAFE’s preferential features to develop robust, ethically grounded alternatives for the modern startup economy
Keywords: Simple Agreement for Future Equity (SAFE), Sharia Compliance, Islamic Finance, Venture Capital, Startup Funding, Preferred Shares, Liquidation Preference, Ribā, Gharar, Mushārakah, Convertible Instruments, Fiqh al-Muʿāmalāt, Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah, Uṣūl al-Fiqh, Comparative Commercial Law, Islamic Jurisprudence, Startup Law

Architecture in the Late Ottoman Period: The Era of Western Artistic Influence(Mosques are an example)

Prepared by
Dr.Mehmet Ulusoy
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ORCİD: 0009-0004-6599-6264

Abstract
This study explores the development of architecture during the late Ottoman period, which spans from the early eighteenth century to the end of the Ottoman Empire in the early twentieth century. During this time, Ottoman architecture was significantly influenced by European styles as a result of Westernization and reform movements, particularly following the Tanzimat era. The empire's increasing openness to Western civilization led to the incorporation of new architectural elements such as Baroque, Rococo, and Neoclassicism, which were blended with traditional local features.
The research focuses on analyzing the architectural character of religious buildings during this phase, such as mosques and related religious structures, which began to display more European characteristics in their form and ornamentation. The study also examines the impact of political, social, and technological changes on architectural styles and urban planning, highlighting the role of both European and local architects in shaping this new architectural identity.
The primary aim of the research is to study the architectural style from the early eighteenth century until the fall of the Ottoman Empire in the early twentieth century. Most of the buildings from this period are located in Istanbul, and previous studies have primarily focused on the architecture of large mosques and their associated structures, such as madrasas, fountains, baths, and mausoleums, particularly in Istanbul. This research is therefore limited to examining the architectural aspects of mosques constructed during this period.
keywords: Architecture, Early Ottoman era, Mosques, Western arts.

The effect of teaching physical geography according to the self-learning strategy on developing and retaining geographical concepts among fifth-grade literary female students

pepared by 
Dr.Nashwan Muwafaq Qasim
The General Directorate of Education
Nineveh Governorate
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Abstract
The current research aims to identify the effect of teaching physical geography according to the self-learning strategy on the development and retention of geographical concepts among fifth-grade literary female students. 
This study was conducted in (Nineveh Education General Directorate / Erbil Education Department) during the second semester of the academic year 2023/2024 in the subject of physical geography. The research sample amounted to (40) female students distributed into two experimental groups of (20) female students and a control group of (20) female students. The researcher rewarded the two groups with a set of variables (subject grade in the first semester, prior knowledge, intelligence, chronological age, parents' achievement) and prepared a test consisting of (50) multiple-choice items. After ensuring its validity and reliability and the end of the experimental period, the post-test of geographical concepts was applied using a set of statistical methods on the program (spss). The results showed a statistically significant difference between the average scores of the students of the two research groups in the post-test of concepts and retention of the academic material, in favor of the experimental group that studied according to the self-learning strategy.    
Keywords: Physical and Strategic Geography, Self-Learning, Concept Development

Solidarity Economy... and the Challenge of Individualism

prepared by
Prof.Dr.Mesfer bin Ali Al-Qahtani
Professor at King Fahd University
of Petroleum and Minerals
Dhahran
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
This research explores the profound transformation in the social and economic fabric of modern humanity due to the rise of individualism, juxtaposed with the concept of a "solidarity economy." The author presents a historical overview of individualism, tracing its roots from the Enlightenment through modernity and postmodernity, culminating in its current peak during the Fourth Industrial Revolution, fueled by technological and communication revolutions and globalization.
The study discusses how economic shifts—especially those during industrial and capitalist eras—have intensified individualism, weakening communal bonds and eroding collective roles, from the family unit to the broader society. The concept of "surplus enjoyment" is introduced, paralleling Marx’s “surplus value,” illustrating how modern economies push individuals into endless cycles of desire and consumption with little true fulfillment.
In contrast, the paper advocates for the revival of solidarity-based economic models grounded in mutual support and communal participation. It references religious teachings—especially Islamic principles like zakat and communal labor—as frameworks that promote altruism, cooperation, and a redefinition of wealth as psychological rather than material. The Protestant ethic is also highlighted as a historical case of aligning religious values with responsible capitalism.
The research concludes with a call to restore ethical and human dimensions in economic and social relations, asserting that humanity cannot persist in a purely individualistic consumer illusion without eventually seeking meaning, purpose, and connection with others.
Keywords: economy - cooperation - social - individualism - modernity- surplus enjoyment.

The Communicative Dimension of Modern Visual Media and Its Reflections on the Behavior of Sudanese Families: A Field Study

Prepared by
Dr. Al-Haj Ali Adam Ali)
Faculty of Media
University of West Kordofan
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Dr. Safaa Abbas Abdelaziz
Faculty of Media
Open University of Sudan
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Abstract
This study examined the roles of visual media and its impact on Sudanese family behavior. A descriptive approach was used to analyze the impact of this media on families in the Nahud locality. The results revealed that visual media contributed to shaping public opinion and strengthening social solidarity, particularly in covering issues related to women, youth, and rural areas. The study also demonstrated that problems are not related solely to the media outlet itself, but also to the surrounding professional and organizational environment. Among the most prominent challenges facing visual media are weak infrastructure, a lack of legislation, a lack of training, and limited funding. The study concluded with practical recommendations, such as supporting training, issuing legislation, and funding media initiatives. Thus, the study fills a knowledge gap about visual media in the Sudanese context and proposes solutions that enhance its effectiveness and positive impact on families and society.
Keywords: Visual media; communication dimensions; Sudanese families; behavioral influence; imported cultures; alien customs.

Germany's Colonial Policy in East Africa through the Protection of Certain Omani Figures (Sayyida Salma and Sayyid Khalid as Examples)

Prepared by
Dr.Sulaiman Said Habib Al-Kiyumi
Assistant Professor
University of Al Buraimi
Sultanate of Oman
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Abstract
At one stage of the British-German colonial struggle for control of East Africa, Germany sought to support opponents of the British presence in East Africa. The Germans also protected certain figures who were wanted by the British because of their opposition to British interference in East African affairs.
Germany aimed to use these opponents as a pressure card on Britain to force it to make some concessions regarding control over the regions of East Africa. An example of this is what Germany did in protecting Lady Salma, who fled to Germany with a young German man, whom she later married and was granted German citizenship. The German government then tried to exploit this issue in order to achieve the colonial goals of the Germans and find a foothold for themselves in Zanzibar, as Princess Salma was one of the heirs to the throne of her father, Sayyid Said bin Sultan (1804-1856 AD). The Germans even toyed with the idea of ​​imposing her son, “Said,” as Sultan of Zanzibar, as he was German on the one hand, and the grandson of Sayyid Said bin Sultan on the other.
Another example of the German role in protecting some Omani figures in East Africa during the 19th century is the German acceptance of the protection request submitted by Sayyid Khalid bin Barghash bin Said, who sought refuge at the German consulate in Zanzibar after being persecuted by Britain for his attempt to seize power in Zanzibar in 1896. The German consul in Zanzibar expressed his agreement to grant Sayyid Khalid the right of protection and refused to hand him over to the British.
This paper focuses specifically on the German role in protecting some Omani figures in service of Germany's colonial projects in East Africa, with a focus on two examples: Sayyida Salma and by Sayyid Khalid bin Barghash, by tracing the events related to this topic.
Keywords:Zanzibar- Salma bint Said-Khalid bin Barghash

Attitudes of Media Students at An-Najah National University towards Employing Artificial Intelligence in Producing Media Content

Prepared by
Farid Abdelfattah Abudheir 
Assistant Prof.
Department of Communication &
Digital Media
An-Najah Nationl University
Nablus – Palestine
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Farah Khalid Mustafa Qandeel
Bachelor's degree in Communication
& Digital Media
An-Najah National University
Nablus – Palestine
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Weam Muhammad Hassan
Bachelor's degree in Communication
& Digital Media
An-Najah National University
Nablus – Palestine
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Abstract
This study aimed at identifying the tendencies of media students at An-Najah National University towards using artificial intelligence (AI) in producing media content, their preferences for using it in the field of media, and how to deal with it. The researchers adopted the descriptive analytical approach by using a questionnaire tool to collect data, which was distributed electronically to students in the media departments (Radio & TV, Communication & Digital Media) through a comprehensive survey.
The results of the study showed that (54.1%) of media students at An-Najah National University do not use AI in producing their media content for several reasons, the most important of which is their fear that AI applications will obtain their personal data (77.2%). It also showed that (45.9%) of media students use AI in producing their content, and (70.6%) follow news related to it. The results also showed that (67.2%) of the respondents believe that employing AI techniques in producing media materials is important, as (82.5%) of them believe that it saves time and effort, and (79.6%) believe that it analyzes big data. However, (63.5%) of them have concerns about privacy and security issues, and (64.9%) have concerns about AI replacing humans. These results express a relative weakness among students in the field of using AI in preparing media content, and qualms to deepen the level of understanding and develop practice and use.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence (AI), media students, media content.